- [Narrator] What time is it?

- It's Science Time!

♪ It's science science time ♪ Lets all stop and just unwind ♪one two three four here we go ♪ Learn so much your brain explodes♪ ♪ Lessons so cool so fresh ♪ It's so great you'll lose your breath♪ ♪ Learning facts and real cool staff♪ ♪ scream for more can't get enough♪ ♪ Its its science time ♪ It's fun you best believe it ♪ Explore and learn new things ♪ Come and join me please - I'm Mister C and this super smart group is my science crew.

Lyla is our notebook navigator.

Alfred is our experiment expert.

Rylee is our dynamite demonstrator and London is our research wrangler.

Working with my team is the best!

It makes learning so much fun!

Actually, you should join us!

We're learning about air pressure.

What time is it?

It's Science Time!

Welcome back to another episode of DIY Science Time.

I'm Mister C and today I'm so excited that you're here to be part of our crew.

(electronic lash of a whip) We're talking air pressure, air pressure.

So you're wondering why does he have a bottle of water on the table?

Well, we all know what happens when we turn this upside down right?

It pours out.

(water gurgles and bubbles) (upbeat, suspenseful, electronic music) You can do it better with bubbles.

(water gurgles and bubbles) Well, that took forever to pour that out.

But the question is, what if I attach this bottle to this handy, dandy little contraption I have here?

So this is like a sleeve, this sleeve actually has a hole in it so that when I connect these two bottles, the water can run from one bottle to the other bottle.

So we're going to connect those and then we're going to turn it upside down.

See what happens.

(upbeat, suspenseful, electronic music) Alright, are you ready?

Lets turn it upside down.

What?

We just saw the water pour down a second ago.

So the question is what's going on?

We know there's a hole in the center, but why is the water not pouring through?

It all has to do with air pressure.

This bottle isn't actually empty.

There's air inside.

And you might be wondering, how do we get the water from the top?

Well, I'm going to tell you how we do that.

It's pretty simple.

We're going to give it a little spin and watch what happens.

(water swishing) That is pretty amazing!

(upbeat, suspenseful, electronic music) Oh, it looks just like a tornado.

It looks just like a tornado.

Alright that is super cool.

And you're probably wondering, well, how does that work?

Well, when we're spinning it this time what happens is we get the water spinning sort of like in a vortex, it's going like this.

And what happens is the water is racing through the bottom of the hole and it's going like this.

And basically it allows air to come up through the center of the vortex and it's exchanging.

So air is coming up while the water is going down.

And that's why when we just turn it over like this, nothing happens.

But when we spin it, it actually works.

I brought along another one that has some oil in it.

Now you can see that this oil is less dense than the water and that's why it sits on top.

We're going to spin this the same way to see if we can get it, to create a vortex.

All right, you ready?

Lets give it a try.

(water swishing/gurgling as it passes through the bottle) (chuckles) That is awesome!

(water gurgling as it passes through the bottle) It's kind of gurgling a little bit.

I think it's because the fluid is a lot thicker going through the center hole and it kind of prevents it from just racing through but we can actually see the red tornado so we can see the difference in the water flowing.

That's awesome.

But you might be wondering, is there a really air inside?

Well, the answer is yes because when we turn it over, it doesn't run out.

And here in this one, I actually, it's a different size.

We have smaller containers, but I put a little bit of dish soap in it to see what happens.

(water gurgling as it passes through the bottles) Look at that.

That is so cool!

It's creating bubbles!

And we know what's inside of bubbles air!

So we're talking air today and we're going to be building a barometer.

So Alfred, what do we need today to get started?

- It looks like today's activity is going to be a breeze.

Here are the supplies you'll want to gather.

Two empty soda cans, a few straws, a balloon, a plastic cup, tape, and most importantly... your science notebook!

- A science notebook is a tool that every scientist should have, and it gives us a place to record all of our learning.

Taking good notes and being organized allows us to be better scientists.

A science notebook allows us to go back and review all the data and information we've gathered during our experiments.

Plus, it allows us to share results with other scientists who might be interested in learning more about what we've discovered.

Whenever you see notebook pop up on the screen like this, it's a reminder that this is a good place for us to jot down new information.

You can see I've already added a title and a list of materials for today's activity.

Our crew is still going to have lots of information to collect and organize as we go through the experiment.

So keep your notebook handy.

Most importantly, the more you use the science notebook, the better you'll get at taking notes and recording data.

If you don't have a science notebook yet, download a copy of Mister C's science notebook from the website.

- Now a barometer is a tool that a meteorologist a person who studies the weather uses to determine atmospheric pressure.

We're going to take our cup and then we're gonna take a balloon and we're gonna cut the balloon off right above the neck.

And the hope is that when we stretch it over here, we get a tight fit.

(squeaking, creaking, snapping) So now that we have the balloon wrapped over the top of the barometer, what we're going to do is we're going to place a straw on it.

But what I'm going to do, is I'm just going to tape it right there on the center of my drum head, or my barometer.

Nice little piece of tape, okay that'll work.

Inside of this cup, it's not empty, It's actually filled with air (electronic slide) "air" When the weather changes, air can increase in pressure or it can decrease in pressure.

And when it increases in pressure, it's pushing down more.

So when it pushes down it's going to push down on this rubber membrane.

And when it does that, our little indicator here is going to go up.

And when the pressure outside of the can goes down or it's lower, what happens is the air on the inside wants to push up and out.

And it'll cause this membrane to lift which will cause this to go down.

Now, it's going to be hard to keep track and read our barometer at the way it is now.

So I thought it'd be cool to build a little setup so that you can actually measure it over time, like, over a week or over two weeks.

So we're going to take a piece of, I have some foam core that I had leftover.

You could use a piece of cardboard.

We're gonna put that right here on the edge and I'm gonna use, I'm gonna use a piece of tape, just wrap it inside out.

And I'm going to put it right here.

Now you can use some hot glue if you want, and glue that down so it doesn't move.

But once it's set, you know, that's our starting point.

And then what I'm going to do is I'm going to build a little backing here, just like this.

(scratchy, squeaky sound of styrofoam rubbing together) Alright, so in theory, look at that!

And now it's leaning back, I'm going to put one more piece of tape.

I'm gonna turn it around to show you what I've done.

Look at this.

So it's leaning back perfectly, just like this.

I'm going to take a little piece of tape here.

Ah!

I'm gonna put that there first.

I'm gonna put another piece here and then I'm gonna lift this up.

And I'm gonna wrap it around the bottom so that it stays nice and sturdy.

Look at this, it's a weather station!

Oh yeah!

Okay.

So now what I have to do is I basically have to start at my starting point and the pressure right now is what it is in my house, outside.

So what I'm going to do is I'm just going to take a little line right here and I'll make a little dot right there.

That's going to be my starting point.

And I'm just going to mark it just like that.

So that's, that's what we would consider our start, our normal.

Now, if the pressure goes up, this is going to rise, right?

So I'm going to mark a couple of things right here.

I'm going to make this middle one the longest one so that we know that's our starting point.

And now I'm going to have a few lower.

Typically when things are high pressure, they're sunny.

(upbeat music) And typically, when it's low pressure it's cloudy and the weather is not so good.

Alright, so now what we do, is we put it in a place in our house and we observe it, observe, observe, that didn't come out right.

We observe each and every day.

And then we compare it to our local weather report.

High pressure, low pressure.

And then you can mark it.

You can actually add numbers to these as well so you know exactly where it landed to see the difference in pressure readings in your neighborhood, in your area where you live.

So, this is a super simple way to build a barometer.

No pressure.

It's not that hard.

Air is all around us.

It takes up space, and is constantly pressing against everything it touches.

Air also has weight and because it's stacked up for miles we have something called atmospheric pressure, or air pressure.

Look at this cup of water.

What do you think will happen if I turn the cup upside down?

Yep.

It pours out.

But what if I take a thin piece of plastic like this and place it on top of the cup before I turn it over?

Awesome!

How does it work?

London, what have you found out for us?

- It's all about air pressure Mister C. Air creates 14.7 pounds of pressure on every square inch of space, in every direction.

Once the clear plastic is placed on the cup, we can turn the cup over without pouring out the water.

The air pressure pushes on the clear plastic and holds the plastic in place.

(water gushing) - So this idea of air pressure is something that's really cool, and 14.7 pounds per square inch, that's a lot of force.

We're actually going to be doing an experiment now that I'm going to do as a demonstration.

Which means it's for you to watch and not to complete.

What I have here are some soda cans that I'm heating up and on the inside of them I have poured just a little bit of water (water splashing) in each of them.

As the water starts to boil it's going to produce steam and that steam is going to come out of the can and we can actually see that starting to happen.

What's happening is the steam is pushing out all of the air molecules in that can I'm going to quickly and carefully turn this can upside down into this bath of ice water.

Now, when I do that, I just want us to observe what happens.

And for this, I'm going to put on some goggles cause I want to make sure that I'm practicing science safety.

We're going to actually take this can, I'm going to flip it over into our ice bath and 3, 2, 1 (loud, sudden cracking) Whoa!

(chuckling) Oh my gosh!

Look at that.

It literally just destroyed the can.

And that's because of air pressure.

When we closed it like this the remaining air on the inside condensed and contracted.

That means there is less air on the inside than there was out here, and the air pressure just smashed this can.

I think we should try it again.

Alright, here we go.

Turn off this plate, in 3, 2, 1 (loud, sudden cracking) Whoa!

(chuckling) That is so amazing!

That is the power of air pressure!

Okay, we got two more cans, we might as well just try em right.

Here we go.

(loud cracking) It's so fast and it's so powerful.

It's literally jumping out of the tongs.

I mean, look at these things.

And we have one more.

(loud cracking) Wow!

(Tinkling water) Air pressure, 14.7 pounds per square inch.

- The team is working really hard and we're all feeling the pressure... of air that is!

14.7 pounds per square inch to be exact.

Speaking of pressure, I added information about the barometer and created a chart to track pressure readings for a few weeks.

I'm going to compare my results with the local weather reports to see if my barometer is accurate.

You should give it a try too.

- Let's try another experiment.

We need a couple of balloons!

(chorus of aaahhhh's) Baloooooons!

Perfectly leveled balloons, look at this.

They're attracted to my hands I think.

It's really staticky in the house right now but we're going to let them sit, and I'm going to blow right through the center of these.

Let's see what happens.

(whoosh) (male laughter) Did you see that?

They actually bump into each other.

It's like they kissed.

Here let's try that again.

(whoosh) That is so cool.

And you're wondering, how does blowing air in the middle cause the balloons to come together?

You would think that blowing air in the middle, might push them apart.

But it all comes down to Bernoulli's principle.

The idea is this; moving air has less pressure.

And when moving air is going through the center of something like this there's less pressure here in the center because those air molecules are being pushed away, they're moving through that.

And I can actually move my hand through the center and they come together.

That's because the outside pressure here is still much greater.

So when we reduce, when we reduce the pressure here in the middle, (whoosh) the pressure out here pushes those in.

Now what's really cool is you can hang some balloons up at your house and do the same thing.

Or you can try it with two soda cans.

(blowing and scraping) (male laughter) (blowing and scraping) (male laughter) That was so awesome!

Did you see that?

The cans literally moved and slid past one another.

Give it a try, explore Bernoulli's principle!

- Need a science notebook to track your experiments?

Hop online and download ours from the website.

- Take a straw.

And if you have it, grab a ping pong ball and you can explore Bernoulli's principle with these two simple things.

Alright, I'm going to bend this one a little bit.

It doesn't have to be a bendy straw but I'm going to blow into this and I'm going to see if I can actually lift the ping pong ball.

(blowing) okay, hold on.

(blowing, whooshing of air) that is a lot of breath.

Let's try that one more time.

(blowing, whooshing of air) Could you see it spinning?

It was actually spinning this direction.

That tells us that the air was moving over the top of the ping pong ball.

That means that the top of the ping pong ball had less air pressure than the bottom part.

That means the air pressure underneath is pushing up the ping pong ball and lifting it up in the air.

Now I could blow that all day long but it's literally taking my breath away.

So I have a hairdryer.

I'm going to do the same thing.

Except for now I have a little bit of electric power, so to speak, and it's what gets this going every day, too.

(high-pitched blowing, air whooshing) Isn't that awesome!

Literally, the ball looks like it's suspended in midair.

It's because the air is moving over the top of the ping pong ball allowing the air underneath to lift it.

I want to try something.

I've got this roll of paper.

(high-pitched blowing) Oh, that was cool!

It like, the air, literally, that ball is gone.

It's just bouncing all around the house.

That air, when I put this tuber on it it forced the air to go through this tunnel and push the ping pong ball up faster.

I've got an idea!

Let's try something else.

So I have this adapter that I built and I'm going to put this on to the front of this hairdryer.

Ah, maybe, there we go.

And I'm actually gonna, I have a little tube just like that tube, but I have a, it's clear plastic.

I'm going to dump these out just for a second.

And I want to try something.

I'm going to actually put a ping pong ball in my hand.

(clanging of plastic hitting the counter) See if I can lift it out with air pressure.

Here we go.

(high-pitched blowing) That was cool.

So what happened was, is, the air is moving through here really fast, decreasing the pressure.

That means the pressure down here is higher and it literally pulls the ball up well, pushes the ball up and Ooh, forces it out.

So we can do this.

(high-pitched blowing) (male laughter) Or, we can turn it this way and have some fun with air as well.

Fill that up, up, up oh, they're just rolling out.

There we go.

Hold on.

All right, watch out camera person.

Here we go in 3, 2 1 (high-pitched blowing and clicking) There they go.

- Grab a sheet of paper and hold it in front of your face.

You are going to blow across the top of the paper with a thin stream of air.

Many people think the air would push the paper down but it actually lifts it up.

That lift happens because of air pressure.

The moving air above the paper has less air pressure than the air below.

This causes the paper to lift up Just like the wing on an airplane.

- Oh my gosh, we're talking about air and I almost forgot to talk about airplanes.

That is a must.

In fact, I built a paper airplane and I just want to show you kind of what's going on with it.

Airplanes, like paper airplanes, or the big ones that fly in the sky actually are able to fly because of Bernoulli's principle.

So an airplane has to have thrust, something that pushes it in that direction.

Now, when an airplane is moving in that direction it also experiences air resistance, or we call that drag, and that's going in this direction, so the opposite direction.

Gravity is wanting to pull the airplane back down to the ground but we have this amazing thing called lift.

And lift allows the airplane to fly and stay up in the air.

So when the wind is blowing across the top of the wing it's moving faster than what's going on underneath it.

And this creates a lower area of pressure above the wing, allowing this to lift up.

So I can take this and I can literally throw it (whoosh) that direction and it flies.

Or, instead of having a dart airplane I could actually have a glider and I could throw it.

(whoosh) Oh, that was awesome!

But I don't want to build a paper airplane with you today, I actually want to build a cup airplane.

So it's a little bit different than a regular airplane but it only uses a few simple materials.

We have four rubber bands, two cups, and some tape.

Your cups don't have to be styrofoam cups.

You can use plastic, or paper, try different things, it's up to you.

But what you're going to do is take a piece of tape and you're actually going to connect the cups just like this.

(shuffling, ripping) On there.

That is nice and snug.

Alright, And now what we have to do is you grab yourself 4 rubber bands.

Ideally, if they're all the same size, that's perfect.

Mine.

Aren't all the same size, but I think it'll still work.

I'm going to take the rubber band hanging like this and I'm going to loop it through itself.

And I'm going to do that 2 more times.

And what we're doing is we're actually creating one, jumbo, long rubber band.

Look at that!

Now, in order to launch our cup flyer, what you're going to do is you're going to wrap it around the back and you're going to hold it just like that.

And then you're going to wrap, and wrap, and wrap, ahhh!

and you're going to stretch it, (snapping) (male laughter) That was awesome!

- Toilet paper first became available to purchase in the US in 1857.

But you know what?

We probably should slow our roll just a little bit.

- You're right, we've been flying through this information.

We can't share a toilet paper fact and not apply Bernoulli's principle to it.

Check this out.

Everything you thought you knew about toilet paper is about to unravel.

- I need a countdown in 3, 2, 1, (high-pitched blowing) (electronic background music) And there it is everybody.

We have our amazing toilet paper still falling down from the sky.

- Bernoulli's principle can really lift our spirits airplanes, ping pong balls, and even toilet paper.

Now, when someone says the pressure is building I want to take a look at my barometer to see if that statement is actually accurate.

This is just so much fun!

(high-pitched blowing) - You are absolutely right Lyla.

When the pressure starts to build I focus on one thing, my science notebook!

That's right, this is where we put all of our information so we can keep track of all the cool experiments we've done and all the data that we've collected.

If you don't have it already, download one because the crew and I want you to keep exploring at your house.

Barometers, ping pong ball lifts, tornado tubes, flying cups, super awesomeness when we were talking about air.

Keep learning, keep having fun, keep exploring.

And remember science is wherever you are!

(gurgling water) (upbeat, electronic music) ♪ It's science time I did.

I was like whiiirrrr... We're gonna get started right... blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah, brrrrrrrr ♪ It's science time Hot glue would wactually, would actually.

(beep) ♪ It's science time it's science time♪ ♪ It's so much fun, learning fun for everyone, everyone♪ ♪ It's science time I think the piece of plastic needs to be a little bit bigger.