- [Mister C] What time is it?

It's Science time.

♪ Science, science, science time ♪ ♪ It's all stuff and just fun times ♪ ♪ One, two, three, four here we go ♪ ♪ Learn so much your brain explodes ♪ ♪ Lessons so cool, so fresh, be so big ♪ ♪ You'll lose your breath ♪ ♪ Learning back some real cool stuff ♪ ♪ Scream for more, can't get enough ♪ ♪ It's, it's science time ♪ ♪ It's fun you best believe ♪ ♪ Explore and learn new things ♪ ♪ Come and join me please ♪ - I'm Mister C, and this super smart group is my science crew.

Working together with my crew makes learning so much fun.

Actually, you should join us.

Let's give science a try with a simple DIY.

Today, we explore the states of matter.

What time is it?

It's science time.

Welcome back to "DIY Science Time".

My name's Mister C and I'm so excited that you're here to be part of our science crew.

Today, we're talking about the states of matter.

That's right, solids, (bright music) liquids, (water gurgling) - [Speakers] Ooh, wow.

And gases.

(Mister C inhaling) (Mister C exhaling) Just like the oxygen that we breathe to stay alive and respirate.

Oh, it's gonna be so much fun today.

We're going to be talking about the three states of matter, their properties, and we're gonna explore something really special.

Something that is not quite a solid or a liquid, but is a solid and a liquid at the same time.

So grab these materials and let's get started.

- Things are about to get weird in a really awesome way.

Prep these items so that you can make your own non-Newtonian fluid.

Water, a container, corn starch, measuring cups, and do me a solid, grab your super smooth and easy to use science notebook.

- Science Notebook is a tool that every scientist should have because it gives us a place to record all of our learning.

Taking notes and being organized allows us to be better scientists.

A science notebook allows us to go back and review all of the data and information we've gathered during our experiments.

Plus, it allows us to share results with other scientists who might be interested in learning more about what we've discovered.

Whenever you see the notebook pop up on the screen like this, it's a reminder that this is a good place for us to jot down new information during the show.

I've already added a title and a list of materials for today's activity, but our crew is still going to have lots of information to collect and organize as we go through our experiments.

Most importantly, the more you use a science notebook, the better you'll get at taking notes and recording data.

If you don't have a science notebook already, download a copy of Mister C's Science Notebook from the website.

- Today, we're exploring something that's everywhere you are.

The three states of matter, solids, liquids, and gases.

Let's break it down.

First things first, what is matter?

Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.

If you can touch it, pour it, or even breathe it in, it's matter.

Solids have a fixed shape and a fixed volume.

That means they keep their shape no matter where you put them.

Check out this ice cube.

The particles in a solid are organized and packed super close together and don't move very much.

They just vibrate in place.

Liquids, on the other hand, have a fixed volume, but no fixed shape and are able to take the shape of their container.

Take water, for example.

We can pour 500 milliliters from a beaker into a graduated cylinder.

We can see the volume still stays the same, but it changes the shape.

That's because the particles in a liquid are still close together, but they can slide past one another, which is why liquids are able to flow.

And finally, we have gases.

Gases have no fixed shape and no fixed volume.

They spread out to fill whatever space they're in.

Air is a perfect example.

Gas particles are far apart and move fast in all directions, bouncing around like they're at a science crew dance party.

What's even cooler is that they can all change from one state to another when energy like heat is added or removed.

That's something we'll look at together later in the show.

Solids, liquids, and gases all have unique properties.

Solids, liquids, and gases.

First things first, we can test it to see if it flows.

This gas here, if I tip it out, we can see that it flows down to the ground.

The water flows into the pitcher and the solid doesn't flow.

So what's the second thing we need to test for?

Shape.

Does it take the shape of a container?

As you can see here, the gas is filling up the two liter container.

It's taking the shape of the container.

The water is filling up or has filled up the container and fits in the container perfectly.

It takes the shape of the container.

And here, our block of wood, a solid, does not take the shape of the container.

It remains the shape it was in previously, and therefore we know it's a solid.

Now let's give them a squeeze.

First, our solid.

Can we squeeze it?

Nope.

Not able to squeeze that.

What about our liquid?

Can we squeeze it?

Nope.

Not squeezable either, but what about our gas?

The gas is compressible.

It can be squeezed.

The difference between these two comes down to that the gas is going to fill up the container of any size.

Any size.

While the liquid only takes the shape of the container.

Solids, liquids, and gases.

Have some fun with your crew at home.

(bright music) - Get a cold glass of ice water and place a few drops of food coloring into the water.

Allow the cup to sit in a warm room.

Before you know it, you'll see the condensation forming on the outside of the glass.

The condensation occurs because the water vapor in the air is touching the cold glass.

It has condensed and gone from a gas to a liquid on the outside of the cup, and that's why you always place your cold drinks on a coaster to catch all of the condensation.

- Career connections.

I'm with Dustin and today we're making glass.

(gentle music) - My name is Dustin Wagner and I'm the owner of Myminal Glass, and this is my dream studio.

There are various machines that, you know, either heat up the blow pipes, melt the glass to remelt the glass, a couple of workstations in order to shape the glass and add color and stuff like that.

Other than that, you know, there's some small hand tools like tweezers and things like that so we can pinch and manipulate the glass and make it do what we want.

The furnace is like the heart to the studio.

My particular furnace holds about 300 pounds of molten glass.

That glass stays hot all the time and there's only clear glass in there, so we always add the color later, but the furnace really gets the glass up at the temperature that we need so we can literally gather it out of the furnace just like honey.

All right, Mister C, we're off to the races now.

Blowing glass is like a science experiment.

You really have to map it out before you begin your sequence of actually making that object.

- Dustin teaches me how to reheat my glass, add color, reheat, add more color, shape the molten glass on the marver and blow bubbles into the glass.

- Good, give me a little more air, just a touch.

Little bit, little bit, and stop.

- His guidance ensures my cup will be beautiful and usable.

- Jump on in, grab your block, and we're just very delicately let this glide on the inside.

So try not to pull up too hard, just let the glass do the work.

There we go.

I think it looks good.

Let's stand up and blow.

Just light though.

Very, very light, like a whisper.

Stop.

Good.

Let's go back to the heat.

So we're going to come out now and we're gonna actually hang it down so we can make the piece longer.

- Like a pendulum.

- Yeah, feel that momentum.

- Yeah.

- That's going to pull the glass longer.

Now let's jump up here and blow just a little bit.

Light, light, and stop.

Good.

- This is really cool.

I mean, it's really hot, but it's really cool.

- Yep.

(bright music) Yep.

We're going to stay at that low angle, turn, open blades wider, open blades wider.

- [Mister C] It's starting to happen.

- Open blades wider.

Close them and slide it out.

That's it right there.

That's the perfect, the perfect cup, Mister C.

- We have a cup.

High five.

Let's go.

- Yeah.

- We made a piece of glass.

Well, thank you so much for hanging out with me and showing me how to work glass, going from a solid to a liquid, back to a solid.

So awesome.

I appreciate your time.

- Yeah, absolutely, my pleasure.

- Thank you so much.

Like I said at the beginning, this is my dream come true.

Having people in here and showing people this craft, this is just, there's nothing like it.

(bright music) - Carbonated water.

What are those bubbles in there anyway?

This fizzy drink is water infused with carbon dioxide bubbles.

We call it sparkling water, but in Germany, this drink is called sprudel.

If you love bubbly water like Mister C does, you can make your own bubbly water at home.

Mister C has a system where he takes fresh water and adds a little bit or a lot of it, of carbon dioxide gas into the bottle of water.

You can also add natural flavors like lemon or lime to give your bubbly water a hint of flavor.

(bright music) Liquids and gases mix together to create a tasty treat that will have you bubbling over with joy.

- Some solids have their atoms arranged inside a crystalline structure.

This means the atoms are lined up in a very organized and repeating way that results in forming crystals.

These crystals often have flat sides, sharp edges, and keep their shape as they grow.

You've probably seen the crystals in your kitchen.

Salt crystals form in tiny cube-shaped patterns.

Then you have sugar crystals that are typically elongated, slanted, six-sided prisms.

Another fun place to see crystals isn't snowflakes.

These crystals are made of frozen water.

They're atoms for beautiful repeating shapes with six sides.

These crystals are all in tip-top shape.

Don't you agree?

- For our next activity, we're making a non-Newtonian fluid, oobleck.

That means we're going to be taking cornstarch and water to create this amazing fluid, or should I say solid or liquid?

Let's check it out.

What I love about oobleck is it behaves differently depending on what type of stress you apply to it.

Let's get it made and then we can talk about what's actually going on.

For this recipe, you're going to need three cups of water.

(bright music) And now we're going to do six cups of cornstarch.

(bright music) One.

(bright music) It's so messy.

It's so messy.

So that was three cups basically with a little bit of the stuff that I missed.

So I'm just going to pour this other one in because this gives us six, six cups of cornstarch to three cups of water or six half cups of water.

All right, here we go.

We're just going to just pour it in.

- [Speakers] Wow.

This is obviously getting a little messy, but I'm just gonna get my hands in there at this point and just mix it up.

Oh, that's awesome.

I'm trying to get the liquid to mix in with everything.

You might need a bigger bowl or you can do half the recipe.

So what we have here is a non-Newtonian fluid.

And basically, if I take my fingers and I gently push into the fluid without applying a lot of pressure, my fingers sink in super easily and I can pull them back out slowly and all of that's gonna fall off my fingers because it's behaving like a liquid.

Those molecules are flowing past my fingers and basically it's a liquid.

Now, the moment I apply any pressure like this, it's a solid.

It behaves as a solid.

And what happens is when I apply that pressure, the water essentially kind of moves out of the way and the cornstarch molecules line up and they lock up.

(oobleck thudding) Isn't that awesome?

Yeah, that's so cool.

All right, I'm gonna grab some.

I'm gonna roll it up.

I've added a little bit of water, so it'll thin it out a little bit when I stop applying the pressure.

So you'll see it'll flow maybe a little bit better.

Oh yeah.

Isn't that just beautiful and amazing all at the same time?

A non-Newtonian fluid.

It behaves like a solid when pressure is applied, and then it behaves like a liquid when you are gentle with it.

That is so cool.

And squeeze it and then it just basically turns solid and now it'll start oozing.

You have to try making this.

This is awesome.

And then you can take things like, say a hammer.

(hammer thudding) Oh, ah.

All right.

That will all clear itself off.

Oops.

I'm getting yuck in it.

Oh, well, here we go.

Three, two, one.

(hammer thudding) That's so cool.

(hammer thudding) Solid, and then I can let it fall in.

It's solid initially, and then it turns into a liquid and then it sinks.

You have to make this.

- Did you know that ketchup is a non-Newtonian fluid?

Ketchup doesn't behave exactly like a liquid or a solid.

The tiny solid particles from tomato solids, spices, and fibers form a loose internal structure that can resist flow.

However, when you apply a force or squeeze, the internal structure breaks down, reducing resistance and allows the ketchup to flow.

This squeezing causes the viscosity to drop and the ketchup can flow much more easily.

Let ketchup know how much you love it.

Grab a few bottles and give them a squeeze.

- Yummy.

(hammer thudding) Check this out.

This is dry ice.

It's frozen carbon dioxide.

This is actually 110 degrees Fahrenheit below zero.

Isn't that awesome?

Look at that.

What's interesting about this is that this piece of dry ice goes from a solid straight to a gas.

It skips the liquid phase, and we call this sublimation.

Now, this block of dry ice, believe it or not, it will sit here, and if we let it sit here for the entire show, it's going to eventually dissipate into the air.

There'll never be a pool of liquid on this table or on this cutting board because it doesn't go into a liquid state.

It goes straight from a solid to a gas.

Now, I want to show you too.

If I take this and I put it into this little cup right here, watch what happens.

Isn't that awesome?

Now this will continue to go from a solid to a gas, and this allows us to see the gas that's being produced here in this little cup.

What I love about dry ice is that you can do some really cool experiments and have a lot of fun because the temperature difference is so great and it's so interesting that it goes from a solid to a gas that we can have a lot of fun with this.

For example, I'm going to take a quarter and I'm going to place it right here into my dry ice.

(ice screeching) Isn't that awesome?

The coin is at room temperature and right now as the gas is being produced, it's causing the coin to slap around because that gas is trying to escape and it's bing, bing, bing, bing.

The coin, bla, bla, bla is going back and forth and you can see that the gas was being produced because the coin was super warm and you could hear that screeching as it was entering the super cold dry ice.

Now, we're gonna do a whole bunch of fun experiments.

So if you have a parent or an adult with you at home, these are things that you can also try.

You just want to remember that you need gloves and you want to get some goggles also to protect your little eyeballs and your fingies.

We're gonna take this balloon and we're going to put a few pieces of dry ice into it and then we're going to tie it off and see if it inflates.

(gentle music) I'm doing really small pieces because they're gonna fit through the neck of the balloon a lot easier than a big chunk.

And in order to tie this, I am gonna have to take off my gloves because I don't have the dexterity to do it with the gloves on.

I'm gonna tie it off really quick and we're just going to let that sit there just for a few minutes while we do another experiment.

So while that's inflating, hopefully, we're gonna take a piece of dry ice and put it onto our plate like this one, and then we're gonna play some really bad music because just like the coin earlier, when we put our spoon on this, (ice screeching) the dry ice is vibrating because the gas is being produced underneath it and I'm trying to push it back down.

(ice screeching) For this next one, we're going to make a giant bubble.

So I'm going to pour in some warm water and I'm going to drop in small pieces of dry ice.

And I don't want it too bubbly and chaotic because I don't want the bubble to break.

Now I have a solution that I made, soap solution, and I just have a paper towel here, gonna dip it in and run some of that off so that it doesn't drip in.

And I just wanna coat this edge.

Hopefully this works.

Nope.

There we go.

And I have a bubble film on top of that.

And as you can see, it's going to continue to grow and we're just going to let it grow until it pops.

(gentle music) (gentle music continues) Oh, that was awesome.

But now let's make a big bubble.

(water bubbling) We got a partial bubble.

I think we'll be okay, but I got soap in the liquid, so we might have some extra bubbles growing.

How big will it get?

Ah, look at our balloon.

It fits in the top of the water pitcher now.

Isn't that awesome?

It's getting huge.

Keep growing, my little friend.

But here, what we're going to do, or you're going to try also, is you're gonna put just a little bit of water in the bottom to cover the bottom, just the smallest amount.

And now we're going to add all sorts of food coloring.

We want to make it as dark as possible.

And now we're just going to take a teeny, tiny little piece and drop it in.

Oh, it's like a boat.

It's like a boat.

That's so cool.

It looks like the gas is coming up from underneath.

The gas is pushing out and it's causing our little dry ice boat to spin.

Oh, that one's pretty cool.

(imitates boat revving) This is just another fun way to explore and have fun with dry ice because, well, it's pretty cool, literally.

Sorry, I had to say that.

And you can see here, one last check-in, our balloon is still growing.

- Gas takes up space even when you can't see it.

Don't believe me?

Give this a try.

Take a cup and turn it upside down and place it into a container of water.

Quickly turn the cup while it's underwater.

The gas escapes the cup and rises to the surface to create bubbles.

Still not convinced?

Try this.

Take a dry cup and place a napkin or paper towel into the bottom of the cup.

Turn it upside down and submerge it in the water.

You can see that the water does not touch the napkin and it remains dry.

That's because the air molecules are taking up space in the cup and protecting the napkin from getting wet.

- Solids, liquids, and gases.

What a fun and exciting day today learning about the states of matter.

I included our chart to remind us how solids, liquids, and gases behave.

Wasn't it amazing to see Mister C take liquid glass and turn it into a beautiful, usable drinking cup?

Plus, we made a batch of oobleck.

You're going to have to give that recipe a try.

It's so much fun.

- Oh my gosh, what's Mrs.

C going to say about this?

What a mess, but so much fun.

We talked about solids.

We talked about liquids.

We talked about gases.

We also talked about things like dry ice going from a solid to a gas, which we call sublimation.

This is literally so cool and so awesome to work with.

Make sure you give these things a try.

And lastly, we talked about our non-Newtonian fluids.

This is so awesome and so much fun, but before I get in there and get my hands dirty again, I need to remind all of you to do one thing.

Hop online and download your DIY Science Time notebook.

This here will allow you to keep track of all the solids that you work with each and every day.

It's a great place to keep all that information so that you and your crew remember what you did and what you explored.

Wasn't today awesome.

Wasn't today fun.

Solids, liquids, and gases for everyone.

So now it's time for you to keep learning.

It's time for you to keep exploring.

It's time for you to keep having fun, and it's time for you to remember that solids, liquids, and gases are wherever you are.

Take care, everybody.

Are you ready?

Let's bust a beat.

(oobleck thudding) (crowd cheering) (Mister C laughing) ♪ We are making oobleck ♪ (bright music) Isn't that awesome?

I'm trying to pull really hard.

Oh my gosh.

I'm applying so much pressure.

That's almost impossible to pull out of the oobleck.

(Mister C shouting) I love doing this kind of stuff.

♪ It's so much fun ♪ ♪ Learning fun for everyone ♪ (Mister C laughing) - Oh, look at my shirt.

♪ Yes you best believe ♪ - Yeah, I might be done.

(chuckles)