[Mister C] What time is it?

-It's science time.

-It's science time!

♪ It's science, science, science time ♪ ♪ Let's all stop and just unwind ♪ ♪ One, two, three, four, here we go ♪ ♪ Learn so much, your brain explodes ♪ ♪ Lessons so cool, so fresh ♪ ♪ Feats so big, you'll lose your breath ♪ ♪ Learning facts and real cool stuff ♪ ♪ Scream for more, can't get enough ♪ ♪ It's, it's science time ♪ ♪ It's fun, you best believe ♪ ♪ Explore and learn new things ♪ ♪ Come and join me, please ♪ I'm Mister C, and this super smart group is my science crew.

Working together with my crew makes learning so much fun.

Actually, you should join us.

Let's give science a try with a simple DIY.

Today we're learning about water.

What time is it?

-It's science time.

-It's science time!

Whoa!

(imitates explosion) Oh, hey, everybody!

Welcome back to "DIY Science Time".

My name's Mister C, and I'm super excited to have you here to be part of our crew today.

Today, we're talking about water, H2O, and this little molecule does some amazing things.

It can be a liquid, it can be a solid, it can be a gas, it can be all of those things at the same time, all across our planet.

And speaking of water, about three quarters of the planet is covered with water, and our bodies, about three quarters of our bodies are made of water.

And you know what?

About 90% of all the activities I love to do include water.

That's right.

Outside, having fun at the pool, in the sun, at the beach, all you know, water, water, here we go!

It's gonna be so cool, I'm so excited about water.

We're gonna do some cool things.

We're gonna need a couple of materials.

I'm gonna have you get those in just a second, but I wanna talk about this just really quickly.

This is a Cartesian diver, and this is really cool because this bottle has water in it.

And when I apply pressure to this bottle... (upbeat music) It causes the little ketchup packet inside to sink.

And when I let go, the ketchup packet floats again.

Why does it happen?

Well, it's because the water is applying pressure to the ketchup packet, and inside of that packet, there's a teeny, tiny little pocket of air.

And when we apply pressure to the water, it applies pressure to the packet, it applies pressure to that little pocket of air, and it makes it smaller!

And when it gets smaller, it becomes more dense than the surrounding water, and it sinks.

And when we let it go, it floats up to the top.

Wouldn't you know?

Pretty cool, right?

That's just one cool little experiment you can do with water, H2O!

Let's go!

Are you ready to wet your whistle with a whittle water science today?

[Kids] Yeah!

To complete today's activity, you are going to need a few materials.

Hot glue, scissors, straws, extra bottle caps, three bottles, and always remember to have your squishy, splashy, and always flashy science notebook.

A science notebook is a tool that every scientist should have because it gives us a place to record all of our learning.

Taking notes and being organized allows us to be better scientists.

A science notebook allows us to go back and review all of the data and information we've gathered during our experiments.

Plus, it allows us to share results with other scientists who might be interested in learning more about what we've discovered.

Whenever you see the notebook pop up on the screen like this, it's a reminder that this is a good place for us to jot down new information during the show.

I've already added a title and a list of materials for today's activity, but our crew is still going to have lots of information to collect and organize as we go through our experiments.

Most importantly, the more you use a science notebook, the better you'll get at taking notes and recording data.

If you don't have a science notebook already, download a copy of Mister C's science notebook from the website.

W-A-T-E-R, water, water, water, huh!

Ooh, sounds like we can make a song outta that.

But right now, we're talking about water in a cup.

And I'm sure you've experienced this before.

You go and someone says, "Hey, can I have some of your water?

And you say, "Sure, let me pour some out for you."

And you go to pour it out, and most of the water ends up being behind the cup, and you have to pour really fast like that.

But now we've made this huge mess and you're thinking to yourself, "Self, what's going on?"

Well, it's surface tension.

See, water likes to stick to stuff.

That's called adhesion.

It wants to stick to that cup as we're pouring it out.

But water also wants to stick to itself.

Cohesion.

See, this cup has a really smooth rounded lip, and so the water is able to easily get stuck as it goes around, and it stays stuck until it gets to the end, and then it rolls off.

This here, well, this is a measuring cup, and on the front of this it has this little, it's not a spout, but it has like this little lip, and it's sort of pointy.

And this allows me to pour water out in a very controlled... (upbeat music) Fashion, because it comes to a point, and it's a sharp little point where the water comes over it, and then it decides, I have nothing to stick to!

Ah!

(imitates water splashing) Right into the water.

But what if I said that there's a science trick that allows us to move water from one cup to another cup over long distances?

[Kids] Wow!

Would you believe me?

(laughs) Well, we're gonna give it a try, because we're talking about water.

How do we do it?

Well, we have a piece of string.

And as you can see, I have a piece of string already attached to these two cups.

On this cup, it's attached to the backside with a piece of tape.

On this side, it's attached to the front side.

And that's going to allow us to carefully move water from one side to the other.

Oh my gosh, that's so cool.

I'm gonna add some blue food coloring so we can actually see it a little bit better.

(water splashes) Now, here's the thing, when you lift it up and you pour it, you gotta be very careful.

There it is.

We can move an entire cup of water to another cup over a foot and a half away.

Isn't that amazing?

So you can play with the angle also.

You can see if it works the same with less of an angle.

Ooh, some water's falling off.

You can raise the angle.

You can definitely pour more water more quickly.

Wouldn't this be fun to take outside to see how much water you can... Oh, how much water you can move from one bucket in your yard to another bucket?

I mean, what kind of rope could you try?

Thicker string, a larger diameter rope, thinner rope, all sorts of different things.

It's really cool.

And because, well, it's sort of messy, you might wanna actually take it outside, because if you make a mess outside, not a big deal, exploring with water out in your yard.

But really cool.

Adhesion and cohesion.

Water's ability to stick to itself, cohesion!

Water's ability to stick to other things, adhesion!

Put 'em together and what do you have?

Water moving across the string.

Pretty awesome!

(upbeat music) Water is an amazing substance.

It's the only substance on Earth that is found naturally in three forms, a solid, a liquid, and a gas.

It can be found as a solid, like when it's an ice cube.

As the ice cube gains heat energy, it will melt and turn into a liquid.

Then, if we keep adding more heat energy, it eventually evaporates and moves into the air as a gas.

Ice cubes are usually cloudy and difficult to see through.

That's because when we place water in the freezer, it freezes from all directions.

To make ice that is clear, the water needs to freeze from only one direction.

Pour tap water into an insulated mug.

Carefully place it into the freezer and keep it there overnight.

The next day, turn your glacial goblet upside down into a bowl of warm water.

This will help the block of ice fall out of the cup.

This ice is so clear, you can see straight through it!

No more frosty ice, just fantastic.

So cold!

Career Connections.

My name is Lori Kyle, and I keep the water safe.

Right now, I am currently the laboratory manager here at Greene County Sanitary Engineering Laboratory.

Our main goal is to make sure everyone does not get sick.

So, when you go to the tap and you open the tap open onto your faucet, and you really don't realize what it takes for that water for you to consume for it to be safe, but our operators do an excellent job.

Our goal here is to analyze the water samples, make sure that there is no total coliform, no E. coli.

There has to be no colonies whatsoever in there for drinking water purposes.

So, we know we're gonna get those samples every day.

We know we're gonna get a certain amount of fluorides every day that we have to run.

For the drinking water purposes, that is our main goal, is our fluoride in our bacteria samples, that we run for them.

So we're gonna just put it in the incubator, and we just set it in here on the shelf.

(upbeat music) And this is our incubator.

Okay, so now after 24 hours, I'm gonna be reading samples that were set up yesterday.

So we're gonna be pulling those out and checking those.

(upbeat music) So these are the samples that we're pulling out.

And we have one that's a sample, and then we have two controls, which is the negative and a positive that we always set up with each batch.

The negative is just the regular water, and the positive, we add some bacteria to that to make it positive so we can do a comparison if we have another sample that is positive.

So we just bring 'em over.

And as you can see, the difference in the color, we know that this is a negative sample because this is a negative control, and you can see how that's yellow also.

Now, this is our positive control.

If this sample would've been this color, we know it's positive.

But what we need to do is once that color is purple, we're gonna check to see if there's anything, any E. coli in it.

So I'm gonna show you the comparison under the blacklight from this positive control of what we're looking for.

So we're gonna take the sample over here, and I'm gonna be turning out the lights, and then I'm gonna turn on the blacklight.

And see how it looks kind of milky, the sample?

That is a positive for bacteria and positive for E. coli.

You're not just focused on one thing for the day.

You might be focused on 20 things in a day.

So it's very challenging for me to make sure everything is taken care of.

But you wear a lot of hats in the day.

You know, as samples come in from receiving to the end, to logging them into the computer, to getting the data to who it needs to go to, you know, what's gonna happen the next day, a bunch of samples coming in, do we need to take those samples to another laboratory where we don't analyze certain things here, certain parameters here?

So, juggling all of that and making sure everything is done in a timely fashion is very challenging.

(upbeat music) Don't let all this information get watered down.

Let's get things added to our science notebook.

I've added a picture of Lori, the water technician.

Making sure our water is safe is such an important job.

I also created a chart with the three states of water, solid, liquid, and gas.

My favorite is solid, because solid water is ice, and ice means ice skating.

Check this out!

Wee!

Check this out.

Take a spoonful of cocoa and carefully dunk it into a glass of water.

Lift up the spoon, and you can see the coating of water on the cocoa.

Try poking the water with a toothpick.

Boom!

It slides right off the cocoa.

This is because cocoa is hydrophobic.

That means it repels water.

The cocoa contains fats which don't mix well with the water, causing it to repel away.

For this next activity, we're building a Heron's fountain, and this is a perpetual motion fountain.

Essentially, it runs by itself.

Not forever, but for a nice, short amount of time.

We use water to power this, and it's awesome.

It's so cool.

So we're gonna get started.

You're gonna need a couple different bottles, but you definitely need at least two bottles that are identical.

The first bottle is going to be the bottle that lays on the bottom.

Now, on my bottle, it's very difficult to see, but there's a little seam here.

And I'm going to actually take my ruler, and I'm just going to mark that seam so you can see exactly what I'm doing.

This allows me to very easily identify the center of the bottle.

I'm gonna do this with both bottles.

(upbeat music) On my first bottle, I'm going to mark two holes that are about in the center, one at six, and then one at nine.

And now I'm going to take my soldering iron and I'm just going to poke holes through there.

I'm going to take my second bottle and I'm going to match those two holes.

Again, I want them to both be the same for this one.

This is going to be my bottom container, this is going to be my middle container, and we're gonna have a straw running from the bottom through the middle up the top, so I have to put a hole here on the top also that is nine centimeters from the bottom.

And then I'm gonna bring one just closer at eight centimeters.

So I'm gonna take my bottom container that only has two holes, and first I'm going to add two little feet on the bottom because I want my container to be able to sit and not wobble around.

Use additional bottle caps to create columns to stack your bottles together.

Glue a full length straw into the nine centimeter hole and a half length straw into the six centimeter hole.

Now I'm going to carefully place the second bottle on my bottle cap columns.

These two bottle caps give me lots of space on the middle because I still need to glue these holes to make sure that no water can escape.

You can see that I have one straw, blue straw, going from bottle one on the base all the way through and up and out of the second bottle.

My green straw, the little straw, well, it goes from our first bottle into the second bottle.

We need to get one more bottle cap, and we need to actually poke two holes into this bottle cap so that this straw and another straw can come out of it.

Place some glue in the top cap, but make sure you don't get it in the straw.

Now I have to cut this bottle.

This is gonna be our last part.

This is the top of the fountain.

All right, so, we are priming the system so that we can get our fountain to work.

We're filling up the bottom.

So now to prime it, you turn it over, and you can hear it priming.

So, water's moving from the bottom chamber through the green straw to the middle chamber.

And what I like about the way this is built is because the container lids are here on the side, we can actually get rid of all the water so that we can see exactly what's happening.

This is so awesome.

Water, incompressible water, compresses air to create a fountain that has limited perpetual motion.

(chuckles) Super cool.

Heron's fountain.

Let's do it.

Here we go.

I almost tipped it.

That is so cool.

(water splashes) If we use blue water, we can see that the blue water moves into the bottom container, and it starts to displace the air.

The displaced air moves up the green straw into the second container.

That air puts pressure onto that water in the second container, which then is forced up and out of the pink straw to cause the fountain to work.

Let's make a prediction.

Grab a nice tall cup and fill it with lots of ice.

Pour water into the ice filled cup all the way to the brim.

Get the water as close to the top edge as you can without spilling.

Be careful.

Make a prediction about what you think will happen once the ice cubes melt.

Will the water spill over and out of the cup?

Will there be less water in the cup after the ice cubes melt?

Or will the water level remain the same?

There's only one way to find out, let it melt.

Let's keep the show rolling and we'll come back to this experiment in a bit.

[Audience] Ooh!

(audience applauding) Water!

(water splashes) Are you ready to make a splash?

If so, we are doing the right experiment for you.

We're outside because this is definitely potentially super messy.

What we have is a water balloon that's been filled up, and what I'm going to do is I'm going to poke a hole into this water balloon.

Now, I know what you think's gonna happen, it's gonna explode and go all over the place.

Yes, that is typically true, but we're gonna use the power of tape, electrical tape, and we're going to make a little hashtag here, and then we're gonna poke it in the center of that hashtag, and it's gonna prevent the balloon from ripping in all directions.

See, this polymer wants to rip, but that's not what we're focusing on here today.

We wanna focus on laminar flow.

See, when you have a hose and you're spraying a hose all over the place, that water is disrupted.

It's coming out of the hose very quickly, rapidly, and unorganized.

But laminar flow, well, laminar flow is when water molecules arranges themselves so that when they flow out, they come out very undisturbed and very smooth.

And if we capture that the right way, it is beautiful.

So, that's what we're gonna do, and this is something you can do at home.

Just make sure you go outside.

First things first, I have four pieces of tape, and I'm going to basically make a hashtag.

So this electrical tape sticks to the latex really well, and it's hopefully going to prevent our balloon from ripping when I poke a hole into it.

(upbeat music) (upbeat music continues) You can see right there, that teeny, tiny hole is where I'm going to poke it with this push pin.

So, let's give this a try, and let's see if we can get a beautiful flow of water coming out of this balloon.

In three, two, one.

Look at it.

It is beautiful, the flow of water.

But right there at the hole, you can see it looks like it's almost standing still.

It looks like it's not really moving.

The water is like it's frozen.

And this beautiful thing is called laminar flow.

So our laminar flow has been flowing, and I just wanna show you what happens without the tape.

I'm gonna poke it right here and you're gonna see the balloon rip.

(Mister C laughs) All right, let's try that again with a bigger balloon.

(water splashes) All right, so we're gonna try it with a big balloon.

Let's, ugh, I'm getting all, ah.

We're gonna try it with the big balloon.

This is a, I think a 24 inch diameter balloon.

So, let's go, we're gonna put it down here, and we're going to let it fill up.

All right, we're getting...

It's getting pretty big.

We're gonna give this a try.

I'm not sure how it's gonna work.

I'm afraid it's gonna pop.

(chuckles) (Mister C laughs) All right, I think I have it where I want.

The balloon is actually really big.

I'm gonna tie this off, and then I'm gonna turn that water off.

So I'm gonna let the air come out.

So I'm gonna let some water out.

And you can see here, oh, there's a little bubble of air right there.

We got most of it out.

And now the key is successfully trying to tie this off.

Success.

Tied off the balloon, and now we're gonna tape it up so that way we can get laminar flow with our jumbo balloon.

Now, what we're going to do is we're actually going to put our little hashtag, we're gonna tape it up on this side because the water is wanting to flow downhill, and since we have a natural slope in the yard, we're just gonna put it here, and that hopefully we get a nice laminar flow coming from this side.

So we're gonna get it taped up, and then we're gonna give it a try.

(upbeat music continues) Oh, that is amazing.

That looks so awesome.

I made the hole a little bit bigger so that you could have a bigger flow.

But that is so cool.

It's almost perfectly still right there.

So you can see the difference between that and the hose.

The hose was turbulent and the water was, like, foggy.

This is crystal clear.

Oh, that's really cool.

(water splashes) Have you ever noticed that ice floats?

That's because ice is less dense than water.

In fact, it's about 10% less dense.

This allows it to float in the water.

When water freezes into a solid, its molecules form into a crystal-like structure.

This means the newly formed structure takes up more space and makes the ice less dense than water.

Buffalo, New York, is home to Niagara Falls, one of the world's most beautiful waterfalls.

Over 700,000 gallons of water flow over the crest of the falls every single minute.

That's some serious water power.

Whoa, dude!

Our science notebook is overflowing with information today about water!

We really learned so much together.

Who knew that water flowing was so turbulent?

Here's a picture to show laminar flow.

Do you think you could make your own laminar flow using bigger balloons?

Wait a minute, we didn't check back in to see what happened to the glass full of ice and water.

Penelope, what happened?

Hey, London, Mister C, Linky, Lyla, check it out!

It took a while, but the ice has finally melted.

The water level has stayed the same.

We know the ice was less dense because it was floating on the water.

As the ice melted, it transformed into liquid water and took up less space.

The water level in the cup stays the same.

A love note to water by Mister C. W is for the way the water technicians take care and prepare the water for safe drinking.

A is for always knowing that this fountain probably is going to make a mess.

T is for topping off my cup of ice water and knowing it can't overflow.

E is that water is everywhere for everyone to enjoy and to drink!

And R is for reading about the notes that you take in your "DIY Science Time" notebook.

Hop online, download one, keep track of your experiments and all the information that you collect, and then you can share with friends and family in the future.

Wasn't today awesome?

Water!

♪ Water, water, water, water, H2O ♪ ♪ I gotta take a sip of water, yes, you know ♪ (water sipping) And now one last time, let's have our Heron's fountain working, and hopefully this time, it works perfectly.

You can do it.

(chuckles) It's just pouring out the other side.

Yes!

Now it's working.

It's flowing!

Just like the water is flowing from me to you.

We had a splash today.

Keep learning, keep exploring, keep having fun, and remember, science and water is wherever you are.

Take care, everyone!

Bye!

(upbeat music) -Ah, water.

-♪ It's science time ♪ Water you thinking about?

(chuckles) ♪ It's science time, time, time, time ♪ This week, we're talking about water, and how we can make water move from... Ah.

(chuckles) And R is to read your notes that you put into your nine... Nience notebook.

(laughs) Hey, it's amazing!

Look at that.

Oh, is it starting to rain?

♪ It's science time, yes, yes, believe ♪